Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Erosion: Threats to The Gambia’s Coastal Communities

Coastal communities in The Gambia are increasingly threatened by rising sea levels and coastal erosion, issues closely linked to global climate change. Since 1900, global sea levels have risen by approximately 20 cm. Rising temperatures have caused seawater to expand and ice sheets to melt, accelerating this rate in recent years (IPCC, 2021). For The Gambia, the implications are severe. With an average coastal elevation of less than 1.5 meters above sea level, the country is highly vulnerable to flooding and inundation.

Projections from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggest that, under high-emission scenarios, global mean sea levels could rise by 0.6 to 1.1 meters by 2100. Such a rise would permanently submerge around 10% of the country’s land area, particularly in densely populated regions like Banjul and Kombo North (IPCC AR6, 2021; Earth Observatory, NASA, 2022). The economic and social consequences of this scenario are staggering, given that these areas host critical infrastructure and significant economic activities.

The vulnerability of coastal regions is further exacerbated by dependence on coastal resources. Key sectors of the economy, such as fisheries, tourism, and agriculture, face risks from saline intrusion, habitat loss, and increased flooding. Saltwater intrusion into freshwater systems could disrupt water supplies for domestic and agricultural use, threatening food security and public health.

Coastal Erosion: A Compounding Threat

Coastal erosion compounds these threats. The World Bank estimates that The Gambia loses approximately one meter of coastline annually to erosion (World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal, 2023). This phenomenon, driven by natural processes and human activities such as sand mining, mangrove deforestation, and poorly planned coastal developments, endangers homes, businesses, and vital ecosystems. Mangroves and seagrass beds, which act as natural barriers against flooding and storm surges, are particularly at risk.

Economic and Social Implications

The economic costs of sea-level rise and coastal erosion are immense. Damage to coastal infrastructure is expected to escalate without timely intervention. Assessments by the International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2024) and the World Bank highlight the urgent need to enhance climate resilience in infrastructure planning. Tourism, a key driver of The Gambia’s economy, is particularly vulnerable. Popular beach destinations like Kololi and Kotu are already experiencing shoreline retreat, threatening livelihoods dependent on this sector.

While the economic projections are severe, these impacts are not inevitable. With urgent, coordinated action, worst-case scenarios can be avoided. Investments in climate resilience will yield long-term savings by mitigating damage and preserving economic activities. Proactive measures to address erosion and protect infrastructure are crucial. Balancing development with conservation is essential to ensure the sustainability of both the economy and the communities that depend on it.

Socially, rising sea levels and erosion pose significant challenges. The displacement of coastal residents could strain inland resources such as land, housing, and water. Women and children are particularly vulnerable, often bearing the brunt of climate-induced displacement and resource scarcity. The psychological impact of losing homes, livelihoods, and cultural heritage adds complexity to these challenges.

Cultural and Ecological Losses

Beyond economic and social consequences, the cultural impacts of coastal erosion and sea-level rise are profound. Coastal communities have deep historical and cultural connections to their surroundings. Efforts to protect ecosystems are about more than preserving mangroves and wetlands; they are about safeguarding a way of life. The loss of sacred sites and traditional fishing regions goes beyond environmental concerns, becoming a matter of cultural survival.

Ecologically, the destruction of coastal ecosystems disrupts biodiversity and natural balances. Wetlands and mangroves, vital to coastal environments, face severe risks. These ecosystems not only protect against severe weather but also support food security by providing breeding grounds for marine life and maintaining biodiversity.

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies

To address these challenges, a range of strategies has been implemented to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of sea-level rise and coastal erosion. Key approaches include:

• Restoring Natural Barriers: Community-led mangrove reforestation projects, such as those in the Tanbi Wetland Complex, have successfully repaired degraded ecosystems while involving local communities in sustainable practices.
• Infrastructure Development: Seawalls and elevated structures have been constructed in flood-prone areas like Banjul. While these structures have reduced flood impacts, challenges such as maintenance and ecological compatibility persist.
• Nature-Based Solutions: Blending structural resilience with environmental sustainability, initiatives to restore mangroves and protect wetlands are proving effective.

Despite progress, current efforts remain insufficient given the scale of the threat. The government must adopt a more proactive approach by increasing funding for coastal zone management and prioritizing proven nature-based solutions, such as mangrove restoration. Greater emphasis on community-led initiatives is essential, empowering locals to play active roles in protecting their land. The challenge is immense, but solutions are within reach with a commitment to sustainable practices.

Policy and Planning

Policy and planning are equally critical. The National Development Plan incorporates climate adaptation goals, with stricter regulations against unsustainable practices like sand mining and mangrove deforestation. However, enforcement gaps and resource constraints hinder progress. International cooperation is also vital. Partnerships with organizations like the Green Climate Fund and the African Development Bank provide financial resources, technical expertise, and capacity building to implement best practices effectively.

Community involvement is crucial. Awareness programs that educate locals about the causes and effects of sea-level rise and coastal erosion equip them to participate in adaptation initiatives. Education lays the foundation for long-term resilience, while training programs offer alternative livelihoods, reducing reliance on activities that harm fragile ecosystems.

Scientific research and technological innovation are crucial in addressing sea-level rise and coastal erosion. Geographic information systems (GIS) and satellite imagery enable precise monitoring of coastal changes, guiding planning and decision-making. Emerging technologies like remote sensing enhance prediction models, allowing governments to anticipate and mitigate future risks. Encouraging innovation and evidence-based policymaking will help The Gambia develop effective and sustainable solutions.

Conclusion

Sea-level rise and coastal erosion pose serious challenges for The Gambia’s coastal communities, but these challenges can be overcome. Proactive measures such as advancing scientific research, adopting innovative technologies, and engaging local communities can help reduce the impacts and preserve the country’s unique coastal heritage. Achieving this, however, will require strong global partnerships and a shared commitment to tackling climate change.