Indonesia’s energy transition has become one of the country’s most important policy challenges as it tries to reduce carbon emissions while maintaining economic growth and energy security. As one of the largest coal producers and consumers in the world, Indonesia faces a complex situation because coal still supports many industries, jobs, and local economies. The government has introduced several energy reform initiatives, including the Indonesia Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP), which aims to support the transition from fossil fuels to cleaner energy through international cooperation and financial support. However, the success of this transition does not only depend on technology and investment, but also on public trust, because communities need to understand, accept, and participate in the changes. Therefore, energy transition is also a communication challenge: policies must be explained clearly so that people understand how the transition will affect their livelihoods and future.
Figure 1. Indonesia’s energy subsidies and compensations (in billion USD) that are reported to be given to the state-owned enterprises like Pertamina (for petroleum and gas products) and the PLN – Perusahaan Listrik Negara or National Electricity Company (for electricity). Source: (Kemenkeu RI, 2022, 2023).
The Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) is promoted as a landmark climate diplomacy success in that Indonesia and international partners have pledged to mobilize around USD 20 billion for cleaner energy. For many citizens, however, this is a big deal that is a long way from their lives which really matters because climate diplomacy doesn’t stop once the deal is done and agreed. It is an ongoing process that goes into domestic politics, public debate, local communities, employment, electricity prices, trust in government. Since its launch in Bali at G20 Summit 2022, Indonesia’s JETP has been accompanied by the Comprehensive Investment and Policy Plan (CIPP) in 2023, providing a pathway for Indonesia to decarbonize its power sector, its investment needs, policy reforms, and priorities for a just transition. This is a strong step on paper but it’s more difficult in terms of public communication. It is likely that many people will only know about JETP as foreign funding, debt, closure of coal, or elite negotiation. The public will not necessarily view the message as a just transition if the message is not clear, but rather as another policy made “above” them.
JETP is caught between three tensions namely: Indonesia must cut emissions, but coal is still associated with electricity, employment, state income, and industrial development. Also, partners from around the world are helping with the transition, but leading to suspicion if the public perceives that it is an external pressure. Then, the transition is labelled ‘just’, but justice is not automatic. It should be demonstrated by the benefits that will be gained, the transparency of the funding, the protection of the workers, the engagement of local people, and the communication of honesty. This means that investment is not enough to make the JETP work in Indonesia. It must also have public trust, otherwise climate diplomacy can appear as a success on the international stage but fail on a national level.
Coal is not only a source of energy in Indonesia, it also has relevance to the political economy and has played a significant role in the country’s electricity supply, export revenue and various local economies with Indonesia being one of the world’s largest coal producers. This is more than just a technical shift from coal to renewables, making the energy transition more sensitive. Some individuals might hear coal retirement and be concerned with the price of electricity. Employees can be concerned about losing their jobs. Local governments in coal producing areas might have income concerns. Businesses could be concerned about the security of their investments. These fears are can form the pathway to climate messages. That is why climate communication cannot only be in global climate language. While the statement “Indonesia needs to decarbonise its power sector” might seem right, it’s not sufficient. It does not provide a response to a local question: What does it mean for coal-dependent workers, families, and communities? The CIPP acknowledges that social protection, workforce development, economic diversification and stakeholder engagement are essential components of a just transition. This is a key consideration because justice has to be conveyed in concrete protection. Closing coal plants will only be good news if people are told about job training, about new livelihoods, and about local investment.
Apart from that, JETP is a product of climate diplomacy and it needs to be embraced in domestic politics. In the global arena, it may be interpreted as an expression of rich countries’ support for the emission reduction efforts of Indonesia. The same agreement can pose hard questions in the domestic arena. Are most of the funds being granted or loaned? Who will pay the cost? Who gets to decide on which projects get funded? Will foreign partners take Indonesia’s development requirements into account? In 2024, it has been reported that disbursement under the USD 20 billion pledge in the JETP had been slow and Indonesia required better policy and regulatory frameworks for the clean energy transition. Slow progress can harm public trust since it can start to feel like the big promises are empty announcement and false hope. This is where we make communication part of the accountability. The public must realize that there is money and they should understand what it is, where it goes, to whom it benefits and what risks are associated with it. Explain the finance of JETP only in technical reports, and ordinary citizens may feel they are left out which can lead to misinformation can spread if people are excluded, have that impression of a foreign control, consider it to be only advantageous for investors, others may even not care because they don’t see any connection to their lives. The more a climate finance deal is communicated in simple and transparent terms, the stronger it is. It should outline the objective, as well as the compromises.
Another issue related to JETP is that Indonesia opened up public comments for CIPP, and the public comments compilation reveals that there are many actors that had concerns related to ambition, transparency, justice, renewable energy development and coal retirement. This is a positive path as public consultation can contribute to the openness of climate policy. But the consultation is not participation. Individuals can be asked to comment once the main direction has been determined. Local communities might not have the time, information or technical ability to absorb long policy documents. This means there is a disconnection between the formal and meaningful participation. A ‘Just Transition’ requires more than a public comment form. It requires communication to workers, local governments, women, youth, small and local businesses, and communities around coal plants. It also requires local language explanations, public meetings, easy-to-understand summaries, and feedback loops. Everyone should be able to see the impact that their concerns have on the final policy. Otherwise, the word “just” then become meaningless, because justice is not only about the end result. It’s also about who can hear in the process.
Therefore, media are can be an important tool to convert technical language into public language of JETP. Journalists should question about who is on the side of the money, how projects are being chosen, the protection of coal communities, and the respect of local rights for the renewable energy projects. Media coverage can be more democratic in climate diplomacy. Social media can also be used to engage citizens in conversation about JETP, but if there is confusion over information, it can be spread through it. So, it is crucial that government, experts, civil society and journalists communicate accurately, but clearly.
In the end, Indonesia’s JETP teaches us more about climate diplomacy. If people at home don’t understand, trust or benefit from an international agreement, then it’s not enough. The energy transition in Indonesia is a complicated story that intersects with issues of coal use, foreign capital, employment, electricity, industrial policy, and justice. Communication is therefore difficult because JETP is not just an energy policy, it’s also a social contract that urges people to think differently about energy futures and the resulting living conditions that are just. Building that belief solely by using technical documents would be impossible. It requires transparency, participation, protection and honest public dialogue. Further research should explore more about the effect of public consultation processes on energy transition planning which can be relevant, as the future of climate diplomacy will not only be shaped by the amount of money that is pledged. Whether people think climate action is fair enough to support will be a key factor.
Keywords: Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP), Energy transition, public trust, climate communication, Indonesia
References
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Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air. (2025). CREA’s response to Indonesia’s JETP Progress Report 2025.
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Jazuli, M. R., Roll, K., & Mulugetta, Y. (2024). A review of Indonesia’s JETP through the dynamics of its policy regime. Global Policy, 15(5), 989-1006.
JETP Indonesia. (2023). Comprehensive Investment and Policy Plan.
JETP Indonesia. (2023). Public comment compilation for the Comprehensive Investment and Policy Plan. https://jetp-id.org/storage/20231124_public-comment-compilation_v6.pdf
Reuters. (2024, September 20). ADB approves $500 mln loan for Indonesia’s energy transition efforts.
United Nations Development Programme. (2024). Indonesia Just Energy Transition Partnership.
Maryam Hameed
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